10.26188/5da5578416cc9 Robert Crawford Robert Crawford André Stephan André Stephan Fabian Prideaux Fabian Prideaux EPiC database - Softwood The University of Melbourne 2019 Embodied energy Embodied carbon Embodied greenhouse gas emissions Embodied water Input-output analysis Construction Building Materials Environmental performance Life cycle assessment LCA Database Process analysis Australia Hybrid analysis Life cycle inventory LCI Concrete block Cement mortar Portland cement Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) Concrete 20 MPa Concrete 25 MPa Concrete 32 MPa Concrete 40 MPa Concrete 50 MPa Fibre cement sheet Fibre cement weatherboard Gypsum plaster Plasterboard - 10 mm Concrete roof tile Flat glass Double glazing - flat glass Laminated glass Toughened glass Double glazing - toughened glass Cellulose insulation Aluminium foil insulation Glasswool insulation Rockwool insulation Polystyrene (EPS/XPS) insulation Polyurethane (PU) rigid foam insulation Aluminium bar Aluminium composite panel Aluminium extruded Aluminium sheet Copper sheet Copper pipe Copper wire Cold rolled stainless steel Stainless steel extruded Stainless steel sheet Stainless steel wire Cold rolled steel Hot rolled galvanised structural steel Hot rolled structural steel Steel bar Steel hollow section extruded Steel pipe Steel sheet corrugated Asphalt Nylon carpet Wool carpet Silicone Water Wood glue (PVA) Solar hot water system Solvent-based paint Water-based paint Wallpaper Natural rubber Synthetic rubber High-density polyethylene (HDPE) film High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) pipe Nylon 66 Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) Glass reinforced plastic (GRP) Linoleum Polycarbonate Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) Polypropylene (PP) sheet Polyurethane (PU) flexible foam Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) Clay brick Gravel Recycled aggregate Sand Sanitary ceramic Dimension stone Ceramic tile Clay roof tile Cork slab Hardwood Cross laminated timber (CLT) Glued laminated timber (glulam) Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) MDF sheet OSB sheet Particleboard Plywood Structural insulated panel (SIP) Softwood Building Science and Techniques 2019-11-20 05:31:39 Dataset https://melbourne.figshare.com/articles/dataset/EPiC_database_-_Softwood/9979919 This material is part of the free Environmental Performance in Construction (EPiC) Database. The EPiC Database contains embodied environmental flow coefficients for 250+ construction materials using a comprehensive hybrid life cycle inventory approach.<br><br>Timber comes in a wide range of varieties and sizes. It is used for structural and non-structural purposes, and can vary significantly in density, grain texture, workability, usage and cost. It is lightweight, easy to handle and transport, and has a good strength to weight ratio. It is typically divided into softwood varieties, such as Pine, Cypress and Spruce and hardwood varieties such as Victorian Ash, Blackbutt and Oak. The term hardwood and softwood is a botanical distinction, and not an indication of timber strength or density. The density of timber is highly dependent on the species, varying from 120 kg/m³ to 1 300 kg/m³ or higher.<br><br>Softwood generally has a lower density and better workability than hardwood varieties. It is comparably cheap due to the fast growing nature of many softwood plantation varieties. It is widely used for timber framing purposes, feature walls, door and windows. <br><br>Commercial timber products are typically kiln, or air-dried. Kiln/oven drying is done in a controlled environment over a relatively short time period. It produces a uniformly dried, high quality product that generally kills any fungi and insects in the wood. Air-drying is done over extended periods of time, and does not require any fuel inputs. It is cost effective, but needs to be carefully managed to reduce cracking and ensure consistent drying.